Melatonin
N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine
Overview
Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake cycle. It is also a potent antioxidant and has been studied extensively for roles in immune function, oncology, neuroprotection, and aging. Melatonin has one of the largest bodies of clinical research of any compound in this database, with hundreds of controlled trials across sleep disorders, jet lag, cancer adjunct therapy, and antioxidant applications. It is available over the counter in many countries and is one of the most widely used supplements globally.
Where does Melatonin sit?
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Mechanism of Action
Melatonin acts primarily through two G-protein-coupled receptors — MT1 and MT2 — found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (the brain's master circadian clock) and peripheral tissues. MT1 receptor activation suppresses neuronal firing in the SCN, promoting sleep onset. MT2 receptor activation helps phase-shift circadian rhythms, making melatonin effective for jet lag and circadian rhythm disorders. Beyond sleep, melatonin is a potent direct free radical scavenger and stimulates antioxidant enzyme production — its antioxidant potency exceeds vitamin E on a molar basis. Melatonin also modulates immune function through effects on natural killer cells and T-lymphocyte activity, and has been shown in multiple cancer studies to sensitize tumor cells to conventional therapies while protecting normal tissue.
Dosage Information
Typical Dose
0.5-5 mg for sleep, 10-50 mg for antioxidant/oncology research
Frequency
Once daily, 30-60 minutes before bedtime
Administration
Oral tablet, sublingual, or liquid
Notes
Lower doses (0.5-1mg) are often more effective for sleep onset than higher doses. Higher doses used in cancer research contexts are well above typical supplement doses.
Potential Side Effects
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Quick Facts
- Administration
- Oral tablet, sublingual, or liquid
- Typical Dose
- 0.5-5 mg for sleep, 10-50 mg for antioxidant/oncology research
- Frequency
- Once daily, 30-60 minutes before bedtime
- References
- 0 curated + 0 from PubMed