NMN
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
Overview
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) is a nucleotide naturally occurring in all living cells and a direct precursor to NAD+ — the essential coenzyme involved in hundreds of metabolic processes including energy production, DNA repair, and sirtuin activation. NMN supplementation has attracted significant attention in longevity research as a strategy to reverse the age-related decline in cellular NAD+ levels. Multiple human clinical trials have demonstrated that NMN supplementation effectively raises blood and tissue NAD+ levels, with early trials showing improvements in muscle function, insulin sensitivity, and markers of biological aging.
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Mechanism of Action
NMN is converted to NAD+ through the Preiss-Handler pathway via NMN adenylyltransferase enzymes in cells. Elevated NAD+ levels support multiple longevity-associated pathways: activation of sirtuins (SIRT1-7) — NAD+-dependent deacetylases that regulate gene expression, DNA repair, and metabolic homeostasis; activation of PARP enzymes involved in DNA damage repair; and support for CD38 and other NAD+-consuming enzymes. In aging, NAD+ levels decline by approximately 50% between ages 40 and 60, impairing these protective systems. By restoring NAD+ availability, NMN supplementation aims to rejuvenate cellular energy metabolism, enhance mitochondrial function, improve DNA repair capacity, and activate sirtuin-mediated protective gene expression programs associated with longevity.
Dosage Information
Typical Dose
250-1000 mg daily
Frequency
Once daily, preferably in the morning
Administration
Oral capsule or sublingual
Notes
Sublingual administration may improve bioavailability. Often stacked with resveratrol or pterostilbene to activate sirtuins synergistically. NR (nicotinamide riboside) is a related precursor with similar effects.
Potential Side Effects
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Quick Facts
- Administration
- Oral capsule or sublingual
- Typical Dose
- 250-1000 mg daily
- Frequency
- Once daily, preferably in the morning
- References
- 0 curated + 0 from PubMed