VIP
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Overview
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide found throughout the central and peripheral nervous system gastrointestinal tract and immune cells. It is a pleiotropic peptide with roles in vasodilation bronchodilation neurotransmission immune modulation circadian rhythm regulation and gut motility. VIP has attracted significant research attention for chronic inflammatory conditions including CIRS (Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) mast cell activation syndrome POTS and long COVID where VIP deficiency has been hypothesized as a contributing mechanism. Dr. Ritchie Shoemaker's protocol for biotoxin illness features VIP as a terminal treatment step.
Compound Data
Molecular Formula
C147H237N43O43S
Molecular Weight
3326.80 g/mol
IUPAC Name
(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylsulfanylbutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid
PubChem CID
53314964Where does VIP sit?
See how this peptide compares across all 70 peptides in our database.
Mechanism of Action
VIP acts through two G-protein-coupled receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2 found throughout the body. In the vasculature it causes smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. In the airways it produces bronchodilation and inhibits bronchoconstriction. In the immune system VIP is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that suppresses Th1 cytokine production promotes regulatory T-cell differentiation and inhibits mast cell degranulation. In the gut it regulates motility secretion and mucosal immune function. In the brain VIP acts as a neurotransmitter modulating circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and neuroprotective signaling. Its deficiency in conditions like CIRS is associated with chronic inflammation multisystem symptoms and dysautonomia.
Dosage Information
Typical Dose
50 mcg twice daily (Shoemaker protocol)
Frequency
Twice daily intranasally
Administration
Intranasal spray
Notes
Shoemaker CIRS protocol requires prior treatment steps before VIP is appropriate. Should not be used if active MARCoNS or inflammatory triggers remain. Requires compounding pharmacy.
Potential Side Effects
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Quick Facts
- Administration
- Intranasal spray
- Typical Dose
- 50 mcg twice daily (Shoemaker protocol)
- Frequency
- Twice daily intranasally
- References
- 0 curated + 48 from PubMed
- Clinical Trials
- 50 registered
- Evidence Score
- 67.6 / 100